nd live were utilised for the study. After being immobilised at 0oC <a title="Stevie Johnson Chargers Jersey" href="http://www.footballchargersauthentic.com/authentic-stevie-johnson-charge... Johnson Chargers Jersey</a> , the gut of the cockroach was dissected out and macerated in 2 ml of normal saline. The resulting macerate was then processed in a similar way as described previously and the results recorded. For parasites ova cysts, about 1 ml of washing was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min. and the deposit examined after staining with 10% lugol iodine under light microscope and identified (28).

Results:

Flies with helminthic objects on the body surface:

A total of 576 house flies (195 male & 381 female) were studied, all were identified as Musca domestica, and Chrysomya megacephala. 108 flies from the swamp area and 68 house flies in the community were studied. The results are shown in Table (1). Among 28 flies from the swamp area, 17 Hook worm eggs, 17 T. trichura & 1 Ascaris were detected (25.9%). The average egg count per positive fly was 1:3. Most flies carried only one egg on the body surface, while 17.9% and 7.1 % had 2 & 3 eggs respectively. In the community 8 house flies (11.8%) were contaminated with Hook worm & T. trichura eggs, the average egg count per positive fly was 1.0.

Faecal dots attached to the inner surface of the collection chamber were washed with FD solution and examined for helminths <a title="Jacoby Jones Chargers Jersey" href="http://www.footballchargersauthentic.com/authentic-jacoby-jones-chargers... Jones Chargers Jersey</a> , this contamination occurred when the flies were trapped in the chamber. In the laboratory, the washing was processed by sedimentation method.

0.5 ml of sediment was obtained containing 27 T. trichura & 27 hook worms; the total number of eggs carried by the 508 flies in the swamp was derived from the pooled eggs from the sediment, egg in the two trials. The average number of eggs on the body surface of a fly was 0.4. Mites, the ectoparasite of the flies were also isolated from the body surfaces of the house flies, the number of mites per fly ranged 1-40.

Table 1: Transmission rate of flies in study area (July 2009)

Helminths eggs and Larvae

+ve flies

No. examined

Area

H. nana

Ascaris

T.trichura

H. worm

4

1

1

0

17

3

17

5

28 (25.9%)

8 (11.8%)

108

68

Swamp

Community

Table 2: Number of parasite eggs on the body surfaces of flies in the swamp area.

No. of eggs found

No. of flies

Trails

Total

H. nana

Ascaris

T. trichura

H. worm

121

0

34

86

400

Manual

35

0

1

17

17

108

Contaminat. rate

54

0

0

27

27

-

Washed sed.

210

0

2

78

130

508

Total

This study revealed that cockroaches trapped from different sites (toilets, parlours, kitchens and bedrooms) in the houses with pit latrines and water system shared the same parasites. The parasites included: cysts of Entamoeba histolytica, oocysts of C. parvum <a title="Craig Mager Chargers Jersey" href="http://www.footballchargersauthentic.com/authentic-craig-mager-chargers-... Mager Chargers Jersey</a> , C. cayetenensis and Isospora belli, cysts of Balantidium coli, ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, Anchylostoma deodunale, Enterobius vermicularis, ova of Trichuris trichura and larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis.

Medically important parasites were isolated from external and internal surface of 98% of test cockroaches and 8.9 % of control cockroaches.

Human parasites were isolated from test group of cockroaches showed adult E. vermicularis and 8 Ascaris eggs in two cockroaches but observation of control group did not show any parasite.

Table 3: Distribution of medical important parasites by sites and toilet facilities

No. of cockroaches studied

Source

Water system

Pit toilet

23

35

Toilets

22

27

Kitchens

11

17

Living-rooms

9

15

Bed-rooms

Parasites identified鈥擟ysts of E. histolytica, oocysts of C. parvum, C. cayetenensis <a title="Denzel Perryman Chargers Jersey" href="http://www.footballchargersauthentic.com/authentic-denzel-perryman-charg... Perryman Chargers Jersey</a> , Isospora belli, cysts of Balantidium coli, ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, Anchylostoma deodunalae, Enterobius vermicularis, ova of Trichuris trichura and larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis.

Table 4: Mean parasite count of cockroaches by site and toilet facilities

Water system

Pit toilet

Source

Mean parasitic count

Mean parasitic count

31

98 parasiteml

Toilets

19

50

Kitchens

11

47

Living-rooms

11

38

Bed-rooms

Discussion

In the village, people did not consider parasites infection a serious problem, most did not submit stool for examination. Some infected cases refused to take anti- parasitic drugs. House flies <a title="Melvin Gordon Chargers Jersey" href="http://www.footballchargersauthentic.com/authentic-melvin-gordon-charger... Gordon Chargers Jersey</a> , bush flies, and blow flies were common around the house holds, in garbage and in human and animal excreta. (29, 30, 31, 32). House flies is a proven mechanical transmitter of pathogens to human food (33). Ten intestinal helminth eggs and larvae has been isolated from flies collected around house hold, in an urban slum area, on an open defecation area <a title="Brandon Flowers Jersey" href="http://www.footballchargersauthentic.com/authentic-brandon-flowers-charg... Flowers Jersey</a> , garbage heap, a small open air market, and meat butchers near human dwellings (29,30,31,34). Because the swamp was the p defecated area for the villagers, piles of faecal matter attracted flies. After feeding and resting, the flies travelled into the community <a title="Stevie Johnson Jersey" href="http://www.footballchargersauthentic.com/authentic-stevie-johnson-charge... Johnson Jersey</a> , about 100 meters from the feeding site. Flies that had direct contact with parasite positive faeces were efficient carriers, because at least 25.9 % were contaminated with pathogens. In the defecation area every 2-3 flies carried at least 1 parasite on the body surface. After feeding, they rested in the area and contaminateAlive on the outside

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